Everything about Condoleezza Rice totally explained
Condoleezza Rice (born
November 14,
1954) is the 66th
United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of
President George W. Bush to hold the office. Rice is the first black woman, second
African American (after her predecessor
Colin Powell, who served from
2001 to
2005), and the second woman (after
Madeleine Albright, who served from
1997 to
2001 in the
Clinton Administration) to serve as Secretary of State. Rice was President Bush's
National Security Advisor during his first term. Before joining the Bush administration, she was a
professor of
political science at
Stanford University where she served as
Provost from
1993 to
1999. During the administration of
George H.W. Bush, Rice served as the
Soviet and
East European Affairs Advisor during the
dissolution of the Soviet Union and
German reunification.
When beginning as Secretary of State, Rice pioneered a policy of
Transformational Diplomacy, with a focus on democracy in the greater Middle East. Her emphasis on supporting democratically elected governments faced challenges as Hamas captured a popular majority in Palestine yet supported Islamist terror, and influential countries including Saudi Arabia and Egypt maintained authoritarian systems with US support. She chairs the
Millennium Challenge Corporation's board of directors.
In addition to
English, she speaks
Russian,
German,
French, and
Spanish.
Early life
Rice was born in
Birmingham,
Alabama, and grew up in the neighborhood of
Titusville. She is the only child of
Presbyterian minister Reverend
John Wesley Rice, Jr., and wife,
Angelena Ray. Reverend Rice was a guidance counselor at Ullman High School and minister of Westminster Presbyterian Church, which had been founded by his father. Angelena was a science, music, and oratory teacher at Ullman.
Discrimination
Condoleezza (whose name is derived from the
Italian musical expression,
Con dolcezza, which means "with sweetness") experienced firsthand the injustices of Birmingham's discriminatory laws and attitudes. She was instructed to walk proudly in public and to use the facilities at home rather than subject herself to the indignity of "colored" facilities in town. As Rice recalls of her parents and their peers, "they refused to allow the limits and injustices of their time to limit our horizons."
However, Rice recalls various times in which she suffered discrimination on account of her race, which included being relegated to a storage room at a department store instead of a regular dressing room, being barred from going to the circus or the local amusement park, being denied hotel rooms, and even being given bad food at restaurants. Also, Reverend Rice instilled in his daughter and students that black people would have to prove themselves worthy of advancement, and would simply have to be "twice as good" to overcome injustices built into the system. Rice said “My parents were very strategic, I was going to be so well prepared, and I was going to do all of these things that were revered in white society so well, that I'd be armored somehow from racism. I'd be able to confront white society on its own terms.” While the Rice family members supported the goals of the civil rights movement, they didn't agree with the idea of putting their child in harm's way.|Condoleezza Rice|Commencement 2004, Vanderbilt University, May 13, 2004}} Rice states that growing up during
racial segregation taught her determination against adversity, and the need to be "twice as good" as non-minorities. Segregation also hardened her stance on the
right to bear arms; Rice has said in interviews that if
gun registration had been mandatory, her father's weapons would have been confiscated, leaving them defenseless against
Ku Klux Klan nightriders. At age 15, she began classes with the goal of becoming a concert
pianist. Her plans changed when she realized that she didn't play well enough to support herself through music alone. While Rice isn't a professional pianist, she still practices often and plays with a chamber music group. Rice made use of her pianist training to accompany
cellist Yo-Yo Ma for
Brahms's Violin Sonata in D Minor at
Constitution Hall in April 2002 for the
National Medal of Arts Awards
.
High school and university education
In 1967, the family moved to
Denver,
Colorado. She attended
St. Mary's Academy, a private all-girls Catholic high school in
Cherry Hills Village,
Colorado. After studying piano at the
Aspen Music Festival and School, Rice enrolled at the
University of Denver, where her father both served as an assistant dean and taught a class called "The Black Experience in America." Dean John Rice opposed institutional racism, government oppression, and the
Vietnam War.
Rice attended a course on international politics taught by
Josef Korbel, the father of future Secretary of State
Madeleine Albright. This experience sparked her interest in the
Soviet Union and
international relations and made her call Korbel "one of the most central figures in my life."
Rice graduated from St. Mary's Academy in 1970. In 1974, at age 19, Rice earned her
BA in
political science,
Phi Beta Kappa, from the University of Denver. In 1975, she obtained her
Master's Degree in
political science from the
University of Notre Dame. She first worked in the
State Department in 1977, during the
Carter administration, as an intern in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. In 1981, at the age of 26, she received her
PhD in Political Science from the
Graduate School of International Studies at Denver. Her dissertation along with some of her earliest publications, centered on military policy and politics in Czechoslovakia.
Early political views
Rice was a
Democrat until 1982 when she changed her political affiliation to
Republican after growing averse to former President
Jimmy Carter's foreign policy. She also cited influence from her father, John Wesley, in this decision, who himself switched from Democrat to Republican after being denied voting registration by the Democratic registrar. In her words to the 2000 Republican National Convention, "My father joined our party because the Democrats in Jim Crow Alabama of 1952 wouldn't register him to vote. The Republicans did."
However, despite her party switch, Rice served as foreign policy advisor to the presidential campaign of Democratic U.S. Senator
Gary Hart of
Colorado during the
1984 primaries.
Academic career
Rice was hired by
Stanford University as an
Assistant Professor of
Political Science (1981–1987). She was promoted to
Associate Professor in 1987, a post she held until 1993. She was a specialist on the
Soviet Union and gave lectures on the subject for the Berkeley-Stanford joint program led by
UC Berkeley Professor
George Breslauer in the mid-1980s.
At a 1985 meeting of arms control experts at Stanford, Rice's performance drew the attention of
Brent Scowcroft, who had served as
National Security Advisor under
Gerald Ford. With the election of
George H. W. Bush, Scowcroft returned to the White House as National Security Adviser in 1989, and he asked Rice to become his Soviet expert on the
United States National Security Council. According to
R. Nicholas Burns, President Bush was "captivated" by Rice, and relied heavily on her advice in his dealings with
Mikhail Gorbachev and
Boris Yeltsin. Rice was the first female, first minority, and youngest Provost at Stanford. She was also named a
Senior Fellow of the
Institute for International Studies, and a Senior Fellow (by courtesy) of the
Hoover Institution.
Provost promotion
Former Stanford President
Gerhard Casper said the university was "most fortunate in persuading someone of Professor Rice's exceptional talents and proven ability in critical situations to take on this task. Everything she's done, she's done well; I've every confidence that she'll continue that record as provost." Rice’s Stanford appointment was considered, by Casper, an effort to address concerns about alleged bias at Stanford University. Casper told the New Yorker in 2002 that it “would be disingenuous for me to say that the fact that she was a woman, the fact that she was black … weren't in my mind."
Balancing school budget
As Stanford's Provost, Rice was responsible for managing the university's multi-billion dollar budget. The school at that time was running a deficit of $20 million. When Rice took office, she promised that the budget deficit would be balanced within "two years." Coit Blacker, Stanford's deputy director of the Institute for International Studies, said there "was a sort of conventional wisdom that said it couldn't be done ... that [thedeficit] was structural, that we just had to live with it." Two years later, Rice announced that the deficit had been eliminated and the university was holding a record surplus of over $14.5 million.
Special interest issues
Rice drew protests when, as provost, she departed from the practice of applying affirmative action to tenure decisions and unsuccessfully sought to consolidate the university's ethnic community centers.
Music
Dr. Rice is an accomplished pianist and has performed in public since she was a young girl. At the age of 15, she played Mozart with the
Denver Symphony, and to this day she plays regularly with a chamber music group in Washington. She doesn't play professionally, but has performed at diplomatic events at embassies, and she's performed in public with cellist
Yo-Yo Ma. She has stated that her favorite composer is
Johannes Brahms, because she thinks Brahms's music is "passionate but not sentimental."
Private sector
Rice headed Chevron's committee on public policy until she resigned on
January 15,
2001, to become
National Security Advisor to President
George W. Bush. Chevron honored Rice by naming an
oil tanker Condoleezza Rice after her, but controversy led to its being renamed
Altair Voyager.
She also served on the
board of directors for the
Carnegie Corporation, the
Charles Schwab Corporation, the
Chevron Corporation,
Hewlett Packard, the
Rand Corporation, the
Transamerica Corporation, and other organizations.
In 1992 Rice founded the Center for New Generation, an after-school program created to raise the high school graduation numbers of
East Palo Alto and eastern
Menlo Park, California.
Early political career
In 1986, while an international affairs fellow of the
Council on Foreign Relations, Rice served as Special Assistant to the Director of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff.
From 1989 through March 1991 (the period of the fall of
Berlin Wall and the final days of the
Soviet Union), she served in President
George H.W. Bush's administration as Director, and then Senior Director, of Soviet and East European Affairs in the
National Security Council, and a Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. In this position, Rice helped develop Bush's and
Secretary of State James Baker's policies in favor of
German reunification. She impressed Bush, who later introduced her to Soviet leader
Mikhail Gorbachev as the one who "tells me everything I know about the Soviet Union."
In 1991, Rice returned to her teaching position at Stanford, although she continued to serve as a consultant on the former Soviet Bloc for numerous clients in both the public and private sectors. Late that year,
California Governor Pete Wilson appointed her to a bipartisan committee that had been formed to draw new state legislative and congressional districts in the state.
In 1997, she sat on the Federal Advisory Committee on Gender-Integrated Training in the Military.
During George W. Bush's
2000 U.S. Presidential election campaign, Rice took a one-year leave of absence from
Stanford University to help work as his foreign policy advisor. The group of advisors she led called itself
The Vulcans in honor of the monumental
Vulcan statue, which sits on a hill overlooking her hometown of
Birmingham,
Alabama. Rice would later go on to give a at the
2000 Republican National Convention. The speech asserted that “…America's armed forces are not a global police force. They are not the world's 911.”
National Security Advisor (2001–2005)
On
December 17,
2000, Rice was picked to serve as
National Security Advisor and stepped down from her position at Stanford. She was the first woman to occupy the post. Rice earned the nickname of “Warrior Princess,” reflecting strong nerve and delicate manners.
During the summer of 2001, Rice met with
CIA Director
George Tenet on an almost daily basis to discuss the possibilities and prevention of terrorist attacks on American targets. Notably, on
July 10,
2001, Rice met with Tenet in what he referred to as an "emergency meeting" held at the White House at Tenet's request to brief Rice and the NSC staff about the potential threat of an
al Qaeda attack. Rice responded by asking Tenet to give a presentation on the matter to Secretary Rumsfeld and
Attorney General John Ashcroft.
When asked about the meeting in 2006, Rice asserted she didn't recall the specific meeting, commenting that she'd met
repeatedly with Tenet that summer about terrorist threats. Moreover, she stated that it was "incomprehensible” to her that she ignored terrorist threats two months before the
September 11 attacks.
In March 2004, Rice declined to testify before the
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (the
9/11 Commission). The
White House claimed
executive privilege under constitutional
separation of powers and cited past tradition. Under pressure, Bush agreed to allow her to testify so long as it didn't create a precedent of Presidential staff being required to appear before
United States Congress when so requested. Her appearance before the commission on
April 8,
2004, was accepted by the Bush administration in part because she wasn't appearing directly before Congress. She thus became the first sitting National Security Advisor to testify on matters of policy. In April 2007, Rice rejected, on grounds of executive privilege, a House subpoena regarding the prewar claim that Iraq sought yellowcake uranium from Niger.
Leading up to the
2004 U.S. Presidential election, Rice became the first National Security Advisor to campaign for an incumbent president. She stated that while: "Saddam Hussein had nothing to do with the actual attacks on America, Saddam Hussein's Iraq was a part of the
Middle East that was festering and unstable, [and] was part of the circumstances that created the problem on September 11."
On
January 18,
2003, the
Washington Post reported that Rice was involved in crafting Bush's position on race-based preferences. Rice has stated that "while race-neutral means are preferable," race can be taken into account as "one factor among others" in university admissions policies.
In a
January 10, 2003 interview with CNN's
Wolf Blitzer, Rice made headlines by stating regarding Iraqi
WMD: "The problem here's that there will always be some uncertainty about how quickly he can acquire nuclear weapons. But we don't want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud."
After the invasion, when Iraq turned out to have no WMD capability, critics called Rice's claims a "hoax," "deception" and "demagogic scare tactic."
"Either she missed or overlooked numerous warnings from intelligence agencies seeking to put caveats on claims about Iraq's nuclear weapons program, or she made public claims that she knew to be false," wrote Dana Milbank and Mike Allen in the Washington Post
Rice characterized the August 6, 2001
President’s Daily Brief, “Bin Laden to Strike in US" historical information. Rice indicated “It was information based on old reporting.” Sean Wilentz of Salon magazine suggested that the PDB contained current information based on continuing investigations, including that Bin Laden wanted to “bring the fighting to America".
Secretary of State (2005–present)
On
November 16,
2004, Bush nominated Rice to be
Secretary of State. On
January 26, 2005, the Senate confirmed her nomination by a vote of 85-13. The negative votes, the most cast against any nomination for Secretary of State since 1825, came from Senators who, according to Boxer, wanted "to hold Dr. Rice and the Bush administration accountable for their failures in Iraq and in the war on terrorism." Their reasoning was that Rice had acted irresponsibly in equating Hussein's regime with
Islamist terrorism and some couldn't accept her previous record. Senator
Robert Byrd voted against Rice’s appointment, indicating that she “has asserted that the President holds far more of the war power than the Constitution grants him.”
On
October 30,
2005, Rice attended a
memorial service in
Montgomery,
Alabama, in Rice's home state, for
Rosa Parks, an inspiration for the
American Civil Rights Movement. Rice stated, that she and others who grew up in Alabama during the height of Parks's activism might not have realized her impact on their lives at the time, "but I can honestly say that without Mrs. Parks, I probably wouldn't be standing here today as secretary of state."
As of
April 7,
2008 Secretary Rice has visited 72 countries with a total 839,862 miles and 1774.98 hours (73.96 days) of time.
On
October 1,
2007, Rice told children (at New York's Public School No. 154, the Harriet Tubman Learning Center) that she wouldn't run for president, slept for 6 1/2 hours a night and wasn't afraid of war zones. Asked how it felt "
to be a lady with such a powerful job", she said: "
Sometimes you don't feel all that powerful." Rep.
Charlie Rangel, who was visiting the school with Rice, teasingly suggested Rice aim for the
White House.
Rice's senior advisor is
Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli. and a director for Democracy, Human Rights and International Operations.
Major initiatives
As
Secretary of State, Rice has championed the expansion of democratic governments. Rice stated that 9/11 was rooted in “oppression and despair” and so, the US must advance democratic reform and support basic rights throughout the greater Middle East.
Rice's Transformational Diplomacy involves five core elements:
- Relocating American diplomats to the places in the world where they're needed most, such as China, India, Brazil, Egypt, Nigeria, Indonesia, South Africa, and Lebanon.
- Requiring diplomats to serve some time in hardship locations such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Sudan, and Angola; gain expertise in at least two regions; and become fluent in two foreign languages, such as Chinese, Arabic, or Urdu.
- Focusing on regional solutions to problems like terrorism, drug trafficking, and diseases.
- Working with other countries on a bilateral basis to help them build a stronger infrastructure, and decreasing foreign nations's dependence on American hand-outs and assistance.
- Creating a high-level position, Director of Foreign Assistance, to oversee US foreign aid, thus de-fragmenting US foreign assistance.
Rice said that these moves were needed to help "maintain security, fight poverty, and make democratic reforms" in these countries and would help improve foreign nations's
legal,
economic,
healthcare, and
educational systems.
Another aspect of Transformational Diplomacy is the emphasis on finding regional solutions. Rice also pressed for finding transnational solutions as well, stating that "in the 21st century, geographic regions are growing ever more integrated economically, politically and culturally. This creates new opportunities but it also presents new challenges, especially from transnational threats like terrorism and weapons proliferation and drug smuggling and trafficking in persons and disease."
Regional issues
Gaza withdrawal
Rice worked to persuade Israel to withdraw from Palestinian territories and free up
commerce and
travel between the two areas. During the summer of 2005, Rice encouraged Israeli leadership to withdraw from settlements in
Gaza and the
West Bank. Rice spent April 2005 raising support among Arab leaders. In July, she visited the region to "help bring the weight of the United States" to the discussions. In September, Rice hailed the successful withdrawal as a victory for both Israel and Palestine, saying, "This is an historic moment for both sides, and the commitment of both sides to a successful disengagement process has been impressive." Gaza is now under Palestinian control once again. However, Palestinians complained that they were not able to travel through border crossings in and out of Gaza, which had stifled commerce. Secretary Rice extended her visit to Jerusalem for a mediation session
November 14, meeting alternately with Israel and Palestinian delegations. Rice negotiated differences between Israel and Palestine that included a proposed blacklist of Palestinians that had been detained by Israel and a concern that future violence would induce a renewed closure of the border crossings. By
November 15, Rice announced an agreement to open Gaza's borders, with a system of transportation between Gaza and the West Bank, defining operations for transporting cargo and people across the border and allowing Gaza to reopen its international airport and begin work on a seaport. This included the
Rafah border crossing, Palestine's only land link to a country other than Israel. It also included monitoring of the crossings by officials from the
European Union.
Gideon Levy, reporter for an Israeli newspaper, complained Rice had accomplished little: "in what was considered the "achievement" of the current visit, Israel also promised to open the Karni crossing. Karni will be open, one can assume, only slightly more than the "safe passage," which never opened following the previous futile visit."
Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Rice pushed for peaceful, democratic elections in Palestine following the death of
Yasser Arafat. Rice asserted that "there should be the ability of Palestinian people to participate in the elections" and claimed that democratic elections would represent "a key step in the process of building a peaceful, democratic Palestinian state." Rice, alluding to the US-labeled terrorist organization
Hamas, stated that "there should be no place in the political process for groups or individuals who refuse to renounce terror and violence, recognize Israel's right to exist, and disarm," saying, "You can't have one foot in politics and the other foot in terror."
Rice persuaded a reluctant Israel to allow Israeli Palestinians in
East Jerusalem to vote in the Palestinian Authority elections. Israel allowed Palestinians in East Jerusalem to vote in the
January 25,
2006 parliamentary elections, while banning Hamas, which officially calls for Israel's destruction, from campaigning there. Rice lauded the turnout and congratulated President Abbas, while informing the victorious Hamas that it would "have to make some difficult choices," saying, "Those who win elections have an obligation to govern democratically … It now inherits the obligations of a Palestinian government, authority, that go back now for more than a decade to recognize the right of Israel to exist, to renounce violence, to disarm militias, as is the case in the roadmap, and to find a peaceful solution in two states."
In response to the Hamas victory, Israel withheld funds belonging to the Palestinian Authority, and reinforced restrictions on movement in and out of the Gaza Strip and within the West Bank. Rice stated: “Clearly, [Hamas] can't govern in a circumstance in which they can't represent a responsible government before the international system.” Rice told her Israeli counterpart that “the economic boycott on the Hamas-led Palestinian government is effective and in the international community will continue to maintain the boycott.”
George Soros faulted Rice for refusing to deal with Hamas. "[N]o progress is possible as long as the Bush administration and the Ehud Olmert government persist in their current position of refusing to recognize a unity government that includes Hamas. The recent meeting between Condoleezza Rice, Abbas, and Olmert turned into an empty formality," said Soros. This was playing into the hands of the hard-liners in Hamas, increasing the influence of Syria and Iran, and would escalate the fighting, Soros said.
Immediately following Hamas's victory in the elections, Rice attempted to garner international support in demanding that Hamas recognize Israel's right to exist. By April, Hamas officials appeared to publicly state that they're willing to work toward recognizing Israel. Under their terms, Israel would have to fully withdraw from disputed territories, including Gaza, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem. Many saw this as a positive starting point for negotiations that would allow the "roadmap" process to continue. The statement was verified by Hamas leaders such as Mohammed Ghazal, a Hamas militia official, who stated that Hamas may be willing to amend its charter to recognize Israel, saying, "The charter isn't the
Quran." Ghazal went on to state that while he agreed with Hamas's positions, "we’re talking now about reality, about political solutions … The realities are different."
Rice stated
February 21,
2008 that Hamas rocket attacks against
Israel "need to stop," demanding an end to the escalating violence that has rocked the
Gaza Strip and set back efforts of the
United States to promote a
Middle East peace deal. Rice arrived in
Cairo,
Egypt,
March 4,
2008, in the latest diplomatic effort to revive a
Middle East peace process sidetracked by violence between
Israelis and
Palestinians. Rice was scheduled to meet with Israeli Defense Minister
Ehud Barak and Israeli Prime Minister
Ehud Olmert on
March 5,
2008.
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
In mid-July 2006, the Middle East peace process encountered a new obstacle on a different front when
Hezbollah fighters from Lebanon launched rocket attacks into Israel and ambushed Israeli convoys, kidnapping two soldiers and killing three, sparking what has become known as the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. Rice immediately condemned the act, calling Hezbollah a "terrorist organization" and saying that the action "undermines regional stability and goes against the interests of both the Israeli and Lebanese people," specifically calling on
Syria to "use its influence to support a positive outcome." That day, Rice was one of the first to speak directly to
UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, Lebanese Prime Minister
Fouad Siniora and Israeli
Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni concerning the incident. Israel initiated aerial bombardments against Lebanon on
July 13 and sent in land troops on
July 23 to take out rocket launching sites that were shelling Northern Israeli cities, as well as to look for and recover the two kidnapped Israeli soldiers.
During the conflict, Rice supported Israel's right to defend itself from Hezbollah attacks, she repeatedly cautioned Israel to be responsible in minimizing
collateral damage. Before the major fighting began, Rice demanded that both Israel and Lebanon "act with restraint to resolve this incident peacefully and to protect innocent life and civilian infrastructure." She also continued to pressure Syria to take a more active positive role throughout the crisis, accusing Syria of "sheltering the people who have been perpetrating these acts" and calling on it "to act responsibly and stop the use of its territory for these kinds of activities[,] to bring all pressure on those that it's harbouring to stop this and to return these soldiers and to allow the situation to be de-escalated."
When Rice arrived in the Middle East in July 2006, one of her first moves was an unannounced visit to Lebanese Prime Minister Siniora to praise Siniora's "courage and steadfastness" and show US support for the Lebanese people. Rice stated that the conflict was part of "the birth pangs of a new Middle East," stating that Israel, Lebanon, and the international community had to "be certain that we're pushing forward to the new Middle East not going back to the old one."
At a time when progress appeared possible in the region, the Israeli military launched an airstrike on a suspected Hezbollah hideout in
Qana, Lebanon, that killed 20–60 civilians. The
airstrike seemed to sour support for Israel's endeavor and
Lebanon cancelled a visit by Rice as a result. While the tragedy was a setback in the negotiation process, it seemed to be a turning point for Israel, who, afterward, began taking a path toward a cease-fire. Before Rice left the region on
July 27, she was able to negotiate a 48-hour halt on Israeli air-raids.
Rice returned to the Mideast on July 29, where the outlines of the ceasefire to come began to take shape. Rice demanded that the global community do what it could to ensure that the Mideast region would never again return to the "status quo ante." Rice saw the situation as an opportunity to create a new environment in which Israel and Lebanon could live in peace, and in which Lebanon could have full control over all its territories without Hezbollah acting as a "state within a state," being able to launch terrorist attacks on Israel. Building on the two resolutions that came out of the
G8 Conference and the steps that had been taken at the conference in
Rome,
Italy in late July, Rice worked with other leaders at the United Nations to pass
UN Security Council Resolution 1701 on
August 11, 2006, which sought to resolve the crisis. The ceasefire went into effect on
August 14. The ceasefire that Rice helped broker provided for a full cessation of hostilities, a Lebanese-led international force to take the place of the Israeli forces, the disarmament of Hezbollah, full control of the Lebanese government to Lebanon, and an absence of paramilitary forces (including and implying Hezbollah) south of the
Litani River; it also emphasizes the need for the immediate release of the two kidnapped Israeli soldiers. Rice lauded the outcome and expressed pleasure that the hostilities in the area had been brought to an end. Though there were sporadic, but small, spurts of violence after the ceasefire took effect, it has ultimately sustained, while international peacekeeping forces began to replace Israeli forces. On
October 2,
2006, the last Israeli forces were withdrawn, allowing the UN and the Lebanese military to take over.
She had a 30-minute meeting with
Walid Muallem, her Syrian counterpart on
May 3,
2007 — the first such talks at this level since 2005.
Egypt
In February 2005, Rice abruptly postponed a visit to Egypt, reflecting displeasure at the jailing of a leading opposition figure,
Ayman Nour. Nour, head of the liberal Tomorrow Party, was reported to have been brutally interrogated. Nour was freed by Egyptian authorities in March 2005, and began a campaign for the Egyptian presidency.
In June 2005, Rice addressed democracy in the Middle East at the American University in Cairo. She stated: “There are those who say that democracy leads to chaos, or conflict, or terror. In fact, the opposite is true. … Ladies and Gentlemen: Across the Middle East today, millions of citizens are voicing their aspirations for liberty and for democracy …demanding freedom for themselves and democracy for their countries. To these courageous men and women, I say today: All free nations will stand with you as you secure the blessings of your own liberty”
Nour finished second in Egypt's presidential race, held in 2005. In December 2005, Egypt imprisoned Nour on forgery charges that were disputed by human-rights groups. In February 2006, Rice visited
Hosni Mubarak yet never spoke Nour's name publicly. When asked about him at a news conference, she referred to his situation as one of Egypt's setbacks. Days later, Mubarak told a government newspaper that Rice "didn't bring up difficult issues or ask to change anything." Mohammed Habib, an Egyptian Brotherhood official, stated: “Hamas's victory made the U.S. take a contrary position to promoting democracy in Egypt and favor a hereditary succession.”
In 2005, Egypt acknowledged that the US had transferred 60 detainees to Egypt as part of the war on terror. In 2007, Amnesty International reported that Egypt had become an international center for interrogation and torture for other countries.
The second largest recipient of US Foreign Aid is Egypt, with $1.8 billion scheduled for fiscal 2006. Edward Walker, former ambassador to Egypt noted "Aid offers an easy way out for Egypt to avoid reform. They use the money to support antiquated programs and to resist reforms."
Rice has worked in the
Middle East, including
Israel, the
Palestinian territories, and its immediate neighbors, especially
Lebanon. Rice has supported Israel, defended Israel's right to protect itself, and promoted the "
roadmap for peace," which includes the establishment of a sovereign Palestinian state. On
August 29,
2006, she stated that the Middle East "should be a Middle East in which there's a Palestinian state in which Palestinians can have their own aspirations met, one that isn't corrupt, one that's democratic, [and] one in which there's only one authority."
Saudi Arabia
In May 2005, Rice indicated that many Mid East states would “have to answer their people's call for genuine reform. ” She said “[a]nd even Saudi Arabia has held multiple elections.” In April 2007, the New York Times reported that “more than half the decisions made by the councils have not been carried out. Most of the others have been in support of the central government.”
In November 2005, the State Department issued a report critical of restrictions on religion in Saudi Arabia, noting among other things that all citizens were required to be Muslims. Rice hasn't sanctioned Saudi Arabia, saying she wants “additional time for a continuation of discussions leading to progress on important religious freedom issues.” Criticisms in the report include a 2002 incident in which Saudi religious police stopped students from leaving a burning building because they were not wearing mandated Islamic dress; 15 schoolgirls perished.
Iran
Though the US doesn't hold formal
diplomatic relations with
Iran, Rice has been quite entrenched in issues pertaining to Iran, especially in regards to its
democratic progress and
humanitarian record,
Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's threatening statements toward
Israel, and its pursuit of
nuclear technology.
Rice criticized Iran's
human rights record and democratic principles. On
February 3,
2005, Rice said the Iranian regime's treatment of its people is "something to be loathed." She also stated: "I don't think anybody thinks that the unelected mullahs who run that regime are a good thing for either the Iranian people or for the region."
In October 2005, Ahmadinejad stated that "Israel must be wiped off the map," to which Rice responded: "When the president of one country says that another country should be wiped off the face of the map, in violation of all of the norms of the United Nations, where they sit together as members, it has to be taken seriously." Rice then went on to name Iran as "probably the world's most important state sponsor of terrorism," whose people live "without freedom and without the prospect of freedom because an unelected few are denying them that."
In February 2006, Rice addressed the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee and called for funding to aid democratic reform in Iran through television and radio
broadcasting, through helping pay for Iranians to study in America, and through supporting pro-democracy groups within the country. Senator Boxer expressed concern that the administration appeared surprised when radical Islamist Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected president of Iran, when Iranian affiliated groups won a majority in Iraq, and when the militant Hamas won a majority. Rice said that the Bush administration shouldn't be blamed for trouble areas and said that the burden was on Hamas to change.
In recent years, Iran has also begun to pursue nuclear technology through
uranium enrichment, which has been one of the most pertinent issues that Rice has dealt with during her tenure at the State Department. Iran maintains that its nuclear program only seeks to develop the capacity for peaceful civilian
nuclear power generation. Rice, along with other nations, has contended that Iran's record of sponsoring terrorism and threatening the safety of other nations, along with its defiance of its treaty obligations, of the United Nations Security Council, and of the
International Atomic Energy Agency, have not proven Iran to be responsible enough to conduct uranium enrichment without outside supervision. Under Rice, the official State Department consensus on the matter is that "[t]he United States believes the Iranian people should enjoy the benefits of a truly peaceful program to use nuclear reactors to generate electric power ... [and] support[s] the Iranian people’s rights to develop nuclear energy peacefully, with proper international safeguards."
On
September 9,
2005, Rice declared the refusal of Iran to halt its nuclear program unacceptable and called on
Russia,
China and
India to join in threatening
United Nations sanctions, and on
June 2,
2006, a committee of the
five permanent members of the
UN Security Council and
Germany, announced their plan to convince Iran to cease its nuclear activities. Rice represented the United States in the negotiation of the diplomatic initiative.
On
February 14,
2006, Iran restarted its uranium enrichment program despite calls from the international community not to do so. Iran's traditional foe, Iraq, offered no resistance because Iraq's leadership had been transformed to Shiite control. Rice responded by asserting that "[t]here is simply no peaceful rationale for the Iranian regime to resume uranium enrichment." Speaking on behalf of the United States and the
European Union, Rice said they were "gravely concerned by Iran's long history of hiding sensitive nuclear activities from the IAEA, in violation of its obligations, its refusal to cooperate with the IAEA's investigation, its rejection of diplomatic initiatives offered by the EU and Russia and now its dangerous defiance of the entire international community." In May of 2006, Rice came up with a new approach for dealing with Iran: direct negotiation between Iran and the United States (alongside their European allies) and the possibility for "a package of economic incentives and some kind of longer-term relationship with the United States" in exchange for the suspension of uranium enrichment within Iran. Iran responded by saying that it'll "never give up its legitimate rights, so the American preconditions are just unacceptable." Article 41 gives such a resolution the power to interrupt or sever Iran's economic, transportational, telecommunicative, and diplomatic relations.
Though the United States and Iran disagree on key issues, the State Department has offered aid to Iran on many different occasions. After a deadly earthquake struck the Iranian
province of
Lorestan in March of 2005, Rice offered humanitarian aid to the country during a visit to
England. Rice said her "thoughts and prayers" were with the victims.
Rice said on
April 30,
2007 that she doesn't rule out talks with her Iranian counterpart, Foreign Minister
Manouchehr Mottaki. On
May 3,
2007, Rice "exchanged pleasantries" with Mottaki.
Iraq
In January 2000, Rice addressed Iraq in an article for
Foreign Affairs magazine. “As history marches toward markets and democracy, some states have been left by the side of the road. Iraq is the prototype. Saddam Hussein's regime is isolated, his conventional military power has been severely weakened, his people live in poverty and terror, and he's no useful place in international politics. He is therefore determined to develop WMD. Nothing will change until Saddam is gone, so the United States must mobilize whatever resources it can, including support from his opposition, to remove him."
In August 2003, Rice encouraged rejection of "condescending voices", who say that Africans and Middle Easterners are not interested in freedom and are "culturally just not ready for freedom or they just aren't ready for freedom's responsibility." She continued: "We've heard that [blacksaren't ready] argument before, and we, more than any, as a people, should be ready to reject it. The view was wrong in 1963 in Birmingham, and it's wrong in 2003 in Baghdad and in the rest of the Middle East."
In October 2003, Rice was named to run the
Iraq Stabilization Group, to “quell violence in Iraq and Afghanistan and to speed the reconstruction of both countries.”
In August 2003, Rice compared experiences in Iraq to post-War Germany stating that “the road we traveled was very difficult. 1945 through 1947 was an especially challenging period. Germany wasn't immediately stable or prosperous. SS officers — called 'werewolves' — engaged in sabotage and attacked both coalition forces and those locals cooperating with them — much like today's Baathist and Fedayeen remnants." Daniel Benjamin responded, stating that in “practice, Werwolf amounted to next to nothing.”
In June 2005, Rice stated: “And at each phase, more Iraqis are involved in this process. Sunni and Shia and Kurds and other Iraqis are concentrating politically on building a united Iraq. That is why I think the insurgency must think that its last days are eventually going to come because the Iraqis are turning to their politics to serve their future.
On
September 30,
2005, Rice declared that the
Iraq War was "set out to help the people of the Middle East transform their societies."
In 2005, when asked how long US troops will stay in Iraq, Rice said, "I don't want to speculate. I do know that we're making progress with what the Iraqis themselves are capable of doing. And as they're able to do certain tasks, as they're able to hold their own territory, they won't need us to do that." Rice further added, "I think that even to try and speculate on how many years from now there will be a certain number of American forces isn't appropriate." Rice stated: “I have no doubt that as the Iraqi security forces get better — and they're getting better and are holding territory, and they're doing the things with minimal help — we're going to be able to bring down the level of our forces.” "I have no doubt that that's going to happen in a reasonable time frame."
Rice lauded Iraq's voter turnout and peaceful transition into a sovereign government in 2005, and compared the reconstruction of Iraq to that of Europe after
World War II. Rice wrote:
"Iraq ... in the face of a horrific insurgency has held historic elections, drafted and ratified a new national charter, and will go to the polls again in coming days to elect a new constitutional government. At this time last year, such unprecedented progress seemed impossible. One day it'll all seem to have been inevitable. This is the nature of extraordinary times, which former Secretary of State Dean Acheson understood well and described perfectly in his memoirs. 'The significance of events,' he wrote, 'was shrouded in ambiguity. We groped after interpretations of them, sometimes reversed lines of action based on earlier views, and hesitated long before grasping what now seems obvious.' When Acheson left office in 1953, he couldn't know the fate of the policies he helped to create. He certainly could never have predicted that nearly four decades later, war between Europe's major powers would be unthinkable, or that America and the world would be harvesting the fruits of his good decisions and managing the collapse of communism. But because leaders such as Acheson steered American statecraft with our principles when precedents for action were lacking, because they dealt with their world as it was but never believed they were powerless to change it for the better, the promise of democratic peace is now a reality in all of Europe and in much of Asia." |
In 2006, Rice compared US commitment in Iraq to the Civil War, indicating “I'm sure there are people who thought it was a mistake to fight the Civil War to its end and to insist that the emancipation of slaves would hold." BET.com commented “If you’re against the war in Iraq, you might as well consider yourself pro-slavery, according to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.”
On
January 11,
2007, Rice addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee regarding the President’s Iraq Strategy. Rice asserted that insurgents were mainly responsible for American casualties; Senator
Chuck Hagel stated, "Madame Secretary, your intelligence and mine is a lot different." Senator
Benjamin Cardin asked Rice troop increases were adequate given the state of the Iraqi conflict. Rice responded “if you were trying to quell a civil war, you'd need much larger forces” but that the augmentation was appropriate for the mission.
In January 2007, the National Intelligence Estimate was issued; key judgements included: “The Intelligence Community judges that the term
civil war doesn't adequately capture the complexity of the conflict in Iraq, which includes extensive Shia-on-Shia violence, Al Qaeda and Sunni insurgent attacks on coalition forces, and widespread criminally motivated violence. Nonetheless, the term
civil war accurately describes key elements of the Iraqi conflict, including the hardening of ethno-sectarian identities, a sea change in the character of the violence, ethno-sectarian mobilization, and population displacements.“
In February 2007, it was reported that Rice encouraged lawmakers to support President Bush's troop increase by saying it would be a mistake to micromanage the Iraq war.
In December 2007, Rice made her eighth visit as Secretary of State to Iraq, making an unscheduled stop in
Kirkuk before proceeding to
Baghdad, where she called on Iraqi leaders to urgently implement a national reconciliation roadmap.
On January 15, 2008, Rice took a detour to
Baghdad from a
Middle East trip with President
Bush, where she congratulated Iraqi leaders. She said the process of reconciliation was coming along "quite remarkably." At a news conference, she welcomed a decision to let
Saddam Hussein supporters return to government jobs, saying: "A democratic and unified Iraq is here to stay. And while it may have challenges, it has passed through some very difficult times and is now moving forward in a way that's promising, yet still fragile." Rice's visit came as Iraq's defense minister told the
New York Times he envisioned US security help until 2018 or later.
China
Rice criticized the Chinese government
April 3,
2008 for sentencing human rights activist
Hu Jia to jail and said the
United States will launch new human rights talks with
Beijing.
North Korea
Rice has focused international attention on North Korea's nuclear weapons program. Beginning in 2003, a series of talks featuring
China,
North Korea,
South Korea, the United States,
Russia, and
Japan, dubbed "The
Six Party talks," have been aimed at denuclearization.
On
February 10,
2005, North Korea withdrew from the talks after
President Bush's 2005
State of the Union Address, in which he stated that North Korea's nuclear program must be dismantled and pledged to go on the offensive against tyranny in the world. North Korea complained that the United States harbored a "hostile policy" toward their country and stated that they were permanently withdrawing from the
Six-party talks. In the following months, there was uncertainty over whether Rice could convince
Kim Jong-Il to re-enter the negotiations, but in July 2005, North Korea announced that they'd been convinced to return to the discussion.
After the first phase of the 5th round of talks, which took place
November 9–11, 2005, North Korea suspended its participations in the negotiations because the United States wouldn't unfreeze some of its financial assets in a
Macau bank. Rice has consistently called for the regime to return to the talks. On
May 1,
2006, Rice stated that North Korea needs "to return expeditiously to the talks without preconditions, to dismantle its nuclear programs in a complete, verifiable and irreversible manner, and to cease all illicit and proliferation activities."
On
June 19,
2006, matters with North Korea were further complicated when it finished fueling an intercontinental ballistic missile that the regime said it would test fire. North Korea had previously self-imposed a missile-firing moratorium, but threatened to launch the missile anyway. Rice stated that "it would be a very serious matter and indeed a provocative act" for the North to follow through on the act, and that if the North decided to do so, "it would be taken with utmost seriousness."
On
July 5,
2006,
North Korea test-fired seven rockets, including the infamous
Taepodong-2, sparking international backlash. Rice, in a press conference held on the same day, stated that she couldn't even begin to try to judge what motivated the North Koreans to act in such a way. Rice felt that North Korea had "miscalculated that the international community would remain united [intheir opposition to the missile test-firing]" and "whatever they thought they were doing, they've gotten a very strong reaction from the international community." Following the missile test, the
United Nations Security Council held an emergency meeting and strongly condemned the actions, though no official sanctions resulted at the time.
Then, in early October 2006, North Korea claimed that it was preparing to test a nuclear explosive device. While the rumors couldn't be substantiated by satellite surveillance beforehand, the test was actually carried out on
October 9,
2006 with only twenty minutes warning. The
nuclear detonation test was, purportedly, in response to the United States's decision to not hold direct bilateral talks with the regime, as well as America's increasing pressure on the government, which North Korea claims is evidence that the United States wishes to attack or invade their country. Rice disputes North Korea's claim that the nuclear test was committed to deter America from invading, saying, "We shouldn't even allow them such an excuse. ... It's just not the case. ... [T]here is no intention to invade or attack them. [T]hey have that guarantee."
Rice has also repeatedly offered direct negotiations with North Korea in the context of the Six Party Talks, but she's held her ground in her decision not to hold bilateral talks with the dictatorship, stating, "We've been through bilateral talks with the North Koreans in the 1994 agreed framework. It didn't hold. ... The North Koreans cheated [by] pursuing another path to a nuclear weapon, the so-called 'highly
enriched uranium' path. ... [I]f [KimJong-Il] wants a bilateral deal, it's because he doesn't want to face the pressure of other states [nearerto him] that have leverage. It's not because he wants a bilateral deal with the United States. He doesn't want to face the leverage of China or South Korea or others." On the same day as the nuclear detonation, the United Nations Security Council convened another emergency meeting, where a clear consensus was apparent in favor of sanctions against the regime, with even China saying that it supported punishing the regime, changing its position from July, 2006, when it vetoed any sanctions on North Korea following its missile tests. On
October 14,
2006, Rice worked with allies to pass a UN Security Council resolution against North Korea that demanded North Korea destroy all of its nuclear weapons, imposed a ban on tanks, warships, combat aircraft and missiles in the country, imposed an embargo on some luxury items that government officials enjoy while the general populace starves, froze some of the country's weapons-related financial assets, and allows for inspections of North Korean cargo. Rice called the resolution "the toughest sanctions on North Korea that have ever been imposed" and hailed the unanimous passage of the sanctions, which even North Korean-friendly China supported.
But Nobel Laureate and cold-war nuclear strategist
Thomas Schelling criticized Rice for organizing a punitive response, when she should have encouraged Taiwan, South Korea and Japan to reaffirm the
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
While Rice consistently affirms that the United States won't
preemptively invade, attack, or topple the North Korean regime, she emphatically assured Japan during an
October 18,
2006, visit that "the United States has the will and the capability to meet the full range — and I underscore full range — of its deterrent and security commitments to Japan," which many have interpreted to mean that America wouldn't hesitate to use its
military might should North Korea attack one of America's allies.
Japan
Rice expressed hope
February 27,
2008 that the arrest of a
U.S. Marine on suspicion of raping a 14-year-old girl on the southern Japanese island of
Okinawa wouldn't damage
Washington's relations with
Tokyo.
Russia
In April 2005, Rice went to
Russia to meet President
Vladimir Putin. On the plane trip over, she related comments critical of Russia's democratic progress to reporters. "Trends have not been positive on the democratic side," said Rice. "There have been some setbacks, but I do still think there's a considerable amount of individual freedom in Russia, which is important." In person Rice told
Putin: "We see Russia as a partner in solving regional issues, like the
Balkans or the Middle East."
In late 2005, there was a dispute between Russia and
Ukraine after Russia decided to quadruple the price of energy being provided to the Ukrainian market (Ukraine was receiving heavily subsidized prices for gas from Russia, the increase would have made the price equal to that of the current market price). Rice subsequently criticised Russia's actions, accusing Russia of using its gas wealth as a political weapon. She called on Russia to behave as a responsible energy supplier and stated that the act didn't show the international community "that it's now prepared to act … as an energy supplier in a responsible way." Rice insisted, "When you say you want to be a part of the international economy and you want to be a responsible actor in the international economy, then you play by its rules … I think that kind of behavior is going to continue to draw comment about the distance between Russian behavior and something like this and what would be expected of a responsible member of the
G8."
Though there was some question over whether or not Rice could convince Russia not to block the United States's move to refer Iran to the
United Nations Security Council in early 2006 (because of Russia's
economic and diplomatic ties to Iran),
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov eventually called Rice to confirm that Russia had agreed to allow the move.
In February 2006, Rice described the United States's relationship with Russia as "very good," saying, "In general, I think we've very good relations with Russia. Probably the best relations that have been there for quite some time. We cooperate in the
war on terror. We cooperate in a number of areas. Obviously we've some differences, too. But on the
Iranian situation, we've actually had very good cooperation with the Russians."
In February 2007, Putin criticized US plans to expand European missile defenses. “Who needs the next step of what would be, in this case, an inevitable arms race?” Putin also characterized US military action as illegitimate, indicating “
They bring us to the abyss of one conflict after another. 'Political solutions are becoming impossible. Rice soon responded “"Everybody understands that with a growing Iranian missile threat, which is quite pronounced, that there need to be ways to deal with that problem and that we're talking about long lead times to be able to have a defensive counter to offensive-missile threats” In April 2007, Rice indicated that Russia’s concerns over the missile defense system were “ludicrous;” Putin responded by suggesting imposing a moratorium on an arms control treaty that NATO countries had long refused to ratify.
Equatorial Guinea
Rice has worked to support and expand relations with the oil-rich African nation. In April 2006, Rice welcomed dictator-President
Obiang to a press conference and stated, "You are a good friend and we welcome you." The welcome was extended 35 days after the State Department issued a report noting instances of "torture, arbitrary arrest, judicial corruption, child labor, forced labor, and ‘severe restrictions' on freedoms of speech and press."
Kenya
During a six-day tour of the African continent in February 2008, President
Bush directed Rice, who was with him, to break off to go to
Kenya, where
Kofi Annan, the former United Nations secretary general, was trying to broker a power-sharing deal. A senior administration official said that the main purpose of Rice’s trip would be to step up pressure on Kenya’s president, warning him that he risked losing American support if he didn't compromise. The message, the official said, was, “If you can’t make a deal, you’re not going to have good relations.”
Venezuela
The
Bush administration has been particularly critical of the leadership of
Venezuelan President
Hugo Chávez, and brands the country an "outlaw country in the drug war." During Rice's confirmation hearings, she commented on Chávez: "We are very concerned about a democratically elected leader who governs in an illiberal way, and some of the steps he's taken against the media, against the opposition, I think are really very deeply troubling."
Venezuela actively campaigned for a non-permanent seat in the
2006 United Nations Security Council election. Rice, however, directed a global lobbying campaign by US envoys in foreign capitals, contending that Venezuela didn't belong on the Security Council. On
November 1, after 47 rounds of deadlocked voting,
Panama was selected as a compromise.
Pakistan
Condoleezza Rice played an important role in bringing democracy to Pakistan. When President
Pervez Musharaff imposed a state of emergency in November 2007, it was rumored that she called General Musharaff and asked him not to impose a state of emergency. For the time being the General listened to the advice. However, on November 3, 2007 General Musharaff imposed a state of emergency despite opposition from Condoleezza Rice.
In the aftermath of the defeat of Musharaff's own
PML-Q in the election of
February 18, 2008, Condoleezza Rice stated the US position saying that "How they arrange their coalition is really a Pakistani affair. The President of Pakistan is Pervez Musharraf... And so, of course, we'll deal with him. We will continue to pursue the American interests, which are for a stable and democratic Pakistan."
Speculation on bid for 2008 Presidential Campaign
There had been speculation that Rice would run for the Republican nomination in the 2008 primaries, which she ruled out on
Meet the Press. On February 22, 2008, Rice played down any suggestion that she may be on the Republican vice presidential ticket, saying, "I have always said that the one thing that I've not seen myself doing is running for elected office in the United States." During an interview with the editorial board of the
Washington Times on March 27, 2008, Rice said she was "not interested" in running for vice president. However, in a
Gallup poll from March 24 to 27, 2008, Rice was mentioned by eight percent of Republican respondents to be their first choice to be
Senator John McCain's Republican Vice-Presidential running mate, slightly behind
Mike Huckabee and
Mitt Romney.
Republican strategist
Dan Senor said on ABC's
This Week on April 6, 2008, that "Condi Rice has been actively, actually in recent weeks, campaigning for" the vice presidential nomination. He based this assessment on her attendance of
Grover Norquist's
Americans for Tax Reform conservative leader's meeting on March 26, 2008. In response to Senor's comments, Rice's spokesperson denied that Rice is seeking the vice presidential nomination, saying, "If she's actively seeking the vice presidency, then she's the last one to know about it."
Political positions
Terrorism
Rice's policy as
Secretary of State views counterterrorism as a matter of being preventative, and not merely punitive. In an interview that took place on
December 18,
2005, Rice stated: "We have to remember that in this war on terrorism, we're not talking about criminal activity where you can allow somebody to commit the crime and then you go back and you arrest them and you question them. If they succeed in committing their crime, then hundreds or indeed thousands of people die. That's why you've to prevent, and intelligence is the long pole in the tent in preventing attacks."
Rice has also been a frequent critic of the intelligence community's inability to cooperate and share information, which she believes is an integral part of preventing terrorism. In 2000, one year after Osama bin Laden told Time “[h]ostility toward America is a religious duty,”
Rice also has promoted the idea that counterterrorism involves not only confronting the governments and organizations that promote and condone terrorism, but also the ideologies that fuel terrorism. In a speech given on
July 29,
2005, Rice asserted that "[s]ecuring America from terrorist attack is more than a matter of law enforcement. We must also confront the ideology of hatred in foreign societies by supporting the universal hope of liberty and the inherent appeal of democracy."
In January 2005, during Bush's
second inaugural ceremonies, Rice first used the term "
outposts of tyranny" to refer to countries felt to threaten world peace and human rights. This term has been called a descendant of Bush's phrase, "
Axis of Evil," used to describe
Iraq,
Iran and
North Korea. She identified six such "outposts" in which she said the United States has a duty to foster freedom:
Cuba,
Zimbabwe,
Burma and
Belarus, as well as Iran and North Korea.
Abortion
Rice said "If you go back to 2000 when I helped the president in the campaign. I said that I was, in effect, kind of libertarian on this issue. And meaning by that, that I've been concerned about a government role in this issue. I'm a strong proponent of parental choice -of parental notification. I'm a strong proponent of a ban on late-term abortion. These are all things that I think unite people and I think that that's where we should be. I've called myself at times mildly pro-choice." She wouldn't want the federal government "forcing its views on one side or the other."
Rice said she believes President Bush "has been in exactly the right place" on abortion, "which is we've to respect the culture of life and we've to try and bring people to have respect for it and make this as rare a circumstance as possible" However, she added that she's been "concerned about a government role" but has "tended to agree with those who don't favor federal funding for abortion, because I believe that those who hold a strong moral view on the other side shouldn't be forced to fund" the procedure. and
Boston College, which prompted the resignation of an adjunct
professor at Boston. There has also been an effort to protest her public speeches abroad.
Time and Forbes magazines
Rice has appeared on
Time magazine's list of the
world's 100 most influential people four times. Rice is one of only seven people in the entire world considered influential enough to have made the list so frequently. However
Time magazine has also accused her of squandering her influence, stating in
February 1, 2007, that her "accomplishments as Secretary of State have been modest, and even those have begun to fade" and that she "has been slow to recognize the extent to which the U.S.'s prestige has declined." However, in its
March 19, 2007 issue it followed up stating that Rice was "executing an unmistakable course correction in U.S. foreign policy."
In 2004 and 2005, she was ranked as the most powerful woman in the world by
Forbes magazine and number two in 2006 (following the
Chancellor of Germany,
Angela Merkel).
Criticisms from Senator Boxer
California Democratic Senator
Barbara Boxer has also criticized Rice in relation to the
war in Iraq: "I personally believe — this is my personal view — that your loyalty to the mission you were given, to sell the war, overwhelmed your respect for the truth."
On
January 11,
2007, Boxer, in a debate over the
war in Iraq, said, "Now, the issue is who pays the price, who pays the price? I’m not going to pay a personal price. My kids are too old, and my grandchild is too young. You’re not going to pay a particular price, as I understand it, within immediate family. So who pays the price? The American military and their families, and I just want to bring us back to that fact.”
The
New York Post and
White House Press Secretary Tony Snow considered this an attack on Rice's status as a single, childless female and referred to Boxer's comments as "a great leap backward for feminism." Rice later echoed Snow's remarks, saying "I thought it was okay to not have children, and I thought you could still make good decisions on behalf of the country if you were single and didn’t have children." Boxer responded to the controversy by saying "They’re getting this off on a non-existent thing that I didn’t say. I’m saying, she’s like me, we don't have families who are in the military."
Views within the black community
Rice's ratings saw decreases following a heated battle for her confirmation as Secretary of State and following
Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. Rice's rise within the
George W. Bush administration initially drew a largely positive response from many in the black community. In a 2002 survey, then National Security Advisor Rice was viewed favorably by 41% of black respondents, but another 40% didn't know Rice well enough to rate her and her profile remained comparatively obscure. As her role increased, some black commentators began to express doubts concerning Rice's stances and statements on various issues. In 2005,
Washington Post columnist
Eugene Robinson asked, "How did [Rice] come to a worldview so radically different from that of most black Americans?"
Other writers have also noted what they perceive to be a distance between Rice and the black community.
The Black Commentator magazine described sentiments given in a speech by Rice at a black gathering as "more than strange — they were evidence of profound personal disorientation. A black woman who doesn’t know how to talk to black people is of limited political use to an administration that has few black allies." When Rice invoked the
civil rights movement to clarify her position on the
invasion of Iraq, Margaret Kimberley, another writer for
The Black Commentator, felt that her use of the rhetoric was "offensive." Stan Correy, an interviewer from the
Australian Broadcasting Corporation, characterized many blacks involved with civil rights and politics as viewing this rhetoric as "cynical." Rice was also described by Bill Fletcher, Jr., the former leader of the
TransAfrica Forum, a
foreign policy lobbying organization in
Washington, D.C., as "very cold and distant and only black by accident." Belafonte's comments received mixed reactions.
Notable black commentators have defended Rice from across the aisle, including
Mike Espy,
Andrew Young,
C. Delores Tucker (chair of the National Congress of Black Women),
Clarence Page,
Colbert King,
Dorothy Height (chair and president emerita of the
National Council of Negro Women)
Further Information
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